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<title>Cold cathode</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cold cathode</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about light sources and indicators. For cold cathode ion sources, see <a href="Ion_source" title="Ion source">Ion source</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>cold cathode</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> that is not electrically heated by a <a href="Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cathode may be considered "cold" if it emits more electrons than can be supplied by <a href="Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a> alone. It is used in <a href="Gas_discharge_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas discharge lamp">gas-discharge lamps</a>, such as <a href="Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">neon lamps</a>, <a href="Discharge_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Discharge tube">discharge tubes</a>, and some types of <a href="Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a>. The other type of cathode is a <a href="Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">hot cathode</a>, which is heated by electric current passing through a <a href="Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filament</a>. A cold cathode does not necessarily operate at a low temperature: it is often heated to its <a href="Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a> by other methods, such as the current passing from the cathode into the gas.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold-cathode_devices">Cold-cathode devices</h2></div>

<p>A cold-cathode vacuum tube does not rely on external heating of an electrode to provide <a href="Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a> of electrons. Early cold-cathode devices included the <a href="Geissler_tube" title="Geissler tube">Geissler tube</a> and <a href="Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Plucker tube</a>, and early <a href="Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tubes</a>. Study of the phenomena in these devices led to the discovery of the electron.

</p><p><a href="Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamps</a> are used both to produce light as indicators and for special-purpose illumination, and also as circuit elements displaying <a href="Negative_resistance" title="Negative resistance">negative resistance</a>. Addition of a trigger electrode to a device allowed the glow discharge to be initiated by an external control circuit; <a href="Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> developed a "trigger tube" cold-cathode device in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many types of cold-cathode switching tube were developed, including various types of <a href="Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratron</a>, the <a href="Krytron" title="Krytron">krytron</a>, cold-cathode displays (<a href="Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a>) and others. <a href="Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulator</a> tubes rely on the relatively constant voltage of a <a href="Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a> over a range of current and were used to stabilize power-supply voltages in tube-based instruments. A <a href="Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a> is a cold-cathode tube with multiple electrodes that is used for counting. Each time a pulse is applied to a control electrode, a glow discharge moves to a step electrode; by providing ten electrodes in each tube and cascading the tubes, a counter system can be developed and the count observed by the position of the glow discharges. Counter tubes were used widely before development of <a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> counter devices.

</p><p>The <a href="Flash_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash tube">flash tube</a> is a cold-cathode device filled with <a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> gas, used to produce an intense short pulse of light for photography or to act as a <a href="Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">stroboscope</a> to examine the motion of moving parts.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lamps">Lamps</h3></div>

<p>Cold-cathode lamps include <a href="Cold-cathode_fluorescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp">cold-cathode fluorescent lamps</a> (CCFLs) and <a href="Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">neon lamps</a>. Neon lamps primarily rely on excitation of gas molecules to emit light; CCFLs use a discharge in mercury vapor to develop ultraviolet light, which in turn causes a <a href="Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescent</a> coating on the inside of the lamp to emit visible light.

</p><p>Cold-cathode fluorescent lamps were used for <a href="Backlight" title="Backlight">backlighting</a> of <a href="LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCDs</a>, for example computer monitors and television screens.

</p><p>In the lighting industry, “cold cathode” historically refers to luminous tubing larger than 20 mm in diameter and operating on a current of 120 to 240 milliamperes. This larger-diameter tubing is often used for interior alcove and general lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The term "neon lamp" refers to tubing that is smaller than 15 mm in diameter and typically operates at approximately 40 milliamperes. These lamps are commonly used for neon signs.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2></div>

<p>The cathode is the negative electrode. Any gas-discharge lamp has a positive (anode) and a negative electrode. Both electrodes alternate between acting as an anode and a cathode when these devices run with <a href="Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a>.

</p>

<p>A <i>cold cathode</i> is distinguished from a <a href="Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">hot cathode</a> that is heated to induce <a href="Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a> of <a href="Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>. Discharge tubes with hot cathodes have an envelope filled with low-pressure gas and containing two electrodes. Hot cathode devices include common <a href="Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, <a href="Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a>, high-pressure discharge lamps and <a href="Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">vacuum fluorescent displays</a>.

</p><p>The surface of cold cathodes can emit <a href="Secondary_electrons" title="Secondary electrons">secondary electrons</a> at a ratio greater than unity (breakdown). An electron that leaves the cathode will collide with neutral gas molecules. The collision may just excite the molecule, but sometimes it will knock an electron free to create a positive ion. The original electron and the freed electron continue toward the anode and may create more positive ions (see <a href="Townsend_avalanche" class="mw-redirect" title="Townsend avalanche">Townsend avalanche</a>). The result is for each electron that leaves the cathode, several positive ions are generated that eventually crash onto the cathode. Some crashing positive ions may generate a secondary electron. The discharge is self-sustaining when for each electron that leaves the cathode, enough positive ions hit the cathode to free, on average, another electron. External circuitry limits the discharge current. Cold-cathode discharge lamps use higher voltages than hot-cathode ones. The resulting strong electric field near the cathode accelerates ions to a sufficient velocity to create free electrons from the cathode material.

</p><p>Another mechanism to generate free electrons from a cold metallic surface is <a href="Field_electron_emission" title="Field electron emission">field electron emission</a>. It is used in some <a href="X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">x-ray tubes</a>, the <a href="Field-emission_microscopy" title="Field-emission microscopy">field-electron microscope</a> (FEM), and <a href="Field-emission_display" title="Field-emission display">field-emission displays</a> (FEDs).

</p><p>Cold cathodes sometimes have a <a href="Rare-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth">rare-earth</a> coating to enhance electron emission. Some types contain a source of <a href="Beta_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta radiation">beta radiation</a> to start <a href="Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a> of the gas that fills the tube.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some tubes, <a href="Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a> around the cathode is usually minimized; instead there is a so-called positive column, filling the tube.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are the <a href="Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">neon lamp</a> and <a href="Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">nixie tubes</a>. Nixie tubes too are cold-cathode neon displays that are in-line, but not in-plane, display devices.

</p><p>Cold-cathode devices typically use a complex <a href="High-voltage_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="High-voltage power supply">high-voltage power supply</a> with some mechanism for limiting current. Although creating the initial space charge and the first arc of current through the tube may require a very high voltage, once the tube begins to heat up, the electrical resistance drops, thus increasing the <a href="Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> through the lamp. To offset this effect and maintain normal operation, the supply voltage is gradually lowered. In the case of tubes with an ionizing gas, the gas can become a very hot <a href="Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>, and electrical resistance is greatly reduced. If operated from a simple power supply without current limiting, this reduction in resistance would lead to damage to the power supply and overheating of the tube electrodes.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A photo of an illuminated compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) of the cold-cathode variety</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An illuminated cold-cathode <a href="Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">CFL</a></div></div></div></div></div>

<p>Cold cathodes are used in cold-cathode rectifiers, such as the <a href="Crossatron" title="Crossatron">crossatron</a> and <a href="Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">mercury-arc valves</a>, and cold-cathode amplifiers, such as in <a href="Automatic_message_accounting" title="Automatic message accounting">automatic message accounting</a> and other <a href="Pseudospark_switch" title="Pseudospark switch">pseudospark switching</a> applications. Other examples include the <a href="Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratron</a>, <a href="Krytron" title="Krytron">krytron</a>, <a href="Sprytron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprytron">sprytron</a>, and <a href="Ignitron" title="Ignitron">ignitron</a> tubes.

</p><p>A common cold-cathode application is in <a href="Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">neon signs</a> and other locations where the ambient temperature is likely to drop well below freezing, The <a href="Clock_Tower%2C_Palace_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock Tower, Palace of Westminster">Clock Tower, Palace of Westminster</a> (Big Ben) uses cold-cathode lighting behind the clock faces where continual striking and failure to strike in cold weather would be undesirable. Large cold-cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) have been produced in the past and are still used today when shaped, long-life linear light sources are required. As of 2011, miniature CCFLs were extensively used as <a href="Backlight" title="Backlight">backlights</a> for <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> and television <a href="Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal displays</a>. CCFL lifespans vary in LCD televisions depending on transient voltage surges and temperature levels in usage environments.

</p><p>Due to its efficiency, CCFL technology has expanded into room lighting. Costs are similar to those of traditional <a href="Fluorescent_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent lighting">fluorescent lighting</a>, but with several advantages: it has a long life, the light emitted is <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">easier on the eyes</span>, bulbs turn on instantly to full output and are also dimmable.<sup id="cite_ref-Solé_Lighting_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solé_Lighting-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_internal_heating">Effects of internal heating</h3></div>

<p>In systems using <a href="Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> but without separate <a href="Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> structures, the electrodes alternate as anodes and cathodes, and the impinging electrons can cause substantial localized heating, often to <a href="Red_heat" title="Red heat">red heat</a>. The electrode may take advantage of this heating to facilitate the thermionic emission of electrons when it is acting as a cathode. (<i>Instant-start</i> fluorescent lamps employ this aspect; they start as cold-cathode devices, but soon localized heating of the fine <a href="Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>-wire cathodes causes them to operate in the same mode as <a href="Hot-cathode" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-cathode">hot-cathode</a> lamps.)

</p><p>This aspect is problematic in the case of backlights used for <a href="Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a> TV displays. New energy-efficiency regulations being proposed in many countries will require variable backlighting; variable backlighting also improves the perceived contrast range, which is desirable for LCD TV sets. However, CCFLs are strictly limited in the degree to which they can be dimmed, both because a lower plasma current will lower the temperature of the cathode, causing erratic operation, and because running the cathode at too low a temperature drastically shortens the life of the lamps. Much research is being directed to this problem, but high-end manufacturers are now turning to high-efficiency white <a href="LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a> as a better solution.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A negatively charged <a href="Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> emits <a href="Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> or is the positively charged terminal. For more, see <a href="Field_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Field emission">field emission</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Positive column is part of a glow discharge, such as in the <a href="Moore_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore lamp">Moore lamp</a>.</span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1993187">U.S. patent 1,993,187</a></span>, Cold cathode discharge tube</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. M. Neale, <i>Cold Cathode Tube Circuit Design</i>, Francis and Taylor, 1964. pp. 1–7.</span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://database.ul.com/cgi-bin/XYV/template/LISEXT/1FRAME/showpage.html?name=IFAY.GuideInfo&ccnshorttitle=Electric+Discharge+Lighting+Systems,+Cold+Cathode&objid=1074096534&cfgid=1073741824&version=versionless&parent_id=1073988136&sequence=1">"Ifay guide info electric discharge lighting systems, cold cathode"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101026042259/http://www.egl-lighting.com/products.html">"EGL lighting products"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egl-lighting.com/products.html">the original</a> on October 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1860149">U.S. patent 1,860,149</a></span>, Discharge tube.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2103033">U.S. patent 2,103,033</a></span>, Electron emissive electrode.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1316967">U.S. patent 1,316,967</a></span>, Gaseous-conduction lamp.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Solé_Lighting-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solé_Lighting_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solelighting.com/">Solé Lighting</a> (commercial site advocating CCFLs).</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Lighting520" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accent_lighting" title="Accent lighting">Accent lighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">Color rendering index</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric light</a></li>

<li><a href="Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">Glare</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Light_pollution_in_Hawaii" title="Light pollution in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>

<li><a href="Lightbulb_socket" title="Lightbulb socket">Lightbulb socket</a>

<li><a href="Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Task_lighting" title="Task lighting">Task lighting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods of<br> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">Incandescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Regular</a></li>

<li><a href="Edison_light_bulb" title="Edison light bulb">Edison</a></li>

<li><a href="Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Nernst_lamp" title="Nernst lamp">Nernst</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Luminescence" title="Luminescence">Luminescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescent</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electron-stimulated_luminescence" title="Electron-stimulated luminescence">Electron-stimulated</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescent</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemiluminescence" title="Electrochemiluminescence">Electrochemiluminescence</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">Electroluminescent</a>

<ul><li><a href="Field-induced_polymer_electroluminescent_technology" title="Field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology">field-induced polymer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescent</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a> (<a href="Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Induction_lamp#Magnetic_induction_lamps" title="Induction lamp">Fluorescent induction</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">Photoluminescent</a>

<ul><li><a href="Headlamp#Laser" title="Headlamp">Laser headlamp</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">Radioluminescence</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">Solid-state</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">Acetylene/Carbide</a></li>

<li><a href="Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand</a></li>

<li><a href="Campfire" title="Campfire">Campfire</a></li>

<li><a href="Candle" title="Candle">Candle</a></li>

<li><a href="Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel</a></li>

<li><a href="Flare" title="Flare">Flare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">Kerosene</a>

<ul><li><a href="Petromax" title="Petromax">Petromax</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fanous" title="Fanous">Fanous</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_lantern" title="Paper lantern">Paper</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Limelight" title="Limelight">Limelight</a></li>

<li><a href="Luchina" title="Luchina">Luchina</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Qulliq" title="Qulliq">Qulliq</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rushlight" title="Rushlight">Rushlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">Safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Tilley_lamp" title="Tilley lamp">Tilley</a></li>

<li><a href="Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Electric arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arc_lamp#Carbon_arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Carbon arc</a></li>

<li><a href="Klieg_light" title="Klieg light">Klieg light</a></li>

<li><a href="Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Gas discharge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deuterium_arc_lamp" title="Deuterium arc lamp">Deuterium arc</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasma_lamp" title="Plasma lamp">Plasma</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">Xenon arc</a></li>

<li><a href="Flashtube#Xenon" title="Flashtube">Xenon flash</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;text-align:center;"><a href="High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">High-intensity<br>discharge <span style="font-size: 85%;">(HID)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">Mercury-vapor</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">Metal-halide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ceramic_metal-halide_lamp" title="Ceramic metal-halide lamp">ceramic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodide_lamp" title="Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp">Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide <span style="font-size: 85%;">(HMI)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrargyrum_quartz_iodide" title="Hydrargyrum quartz iodide">Hydrargyrum quartz iodide <span style="font-size: 85%;">(HQI)</span></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Sodium vapor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Stationary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Incandescent_light_bulb#Common_shape_codes" title="Incandescent light bulb">Reflector</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">Ellipsoidal reflector</a></li>

<li><a href="Multifaceted_reflector" title="Multifaceted reflector">Multifaceted reflector</a></li>

<li><a href="Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">Parabolic aluminized reflector <span style="font-size: 85%;">(PAR)</span></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aviation_obstruction_lighting" title="Aviation obstruction lighting">Aviation obstruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Balanced-arm_lamp" title="Balanced-arm lamp">Balanced-arm lamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandelier" title="Chandelier">Chandelier</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Gooseneck_lamp" title="Gooseneck lamp">Gooseneck lamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_street_lighting" title="Intelligent street lighting">Intelligent street lighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_tube" title="Light tube">Light tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_characteristic" title="Light characteristic">Marine aid to navigation light</a></li>

<li><a href="Nightlight" title="Nightlight">Nightlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Pendant_light" title="Pendant light">Pendant light</a></li>

<li><a href="Recessed_light" title="Recessed light">Recessed light</a></li>

<li><a href="Sconce_(light_fixture)" title="Sconce (light fixture)">Sconce</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_light" title="Street light">Street light</a>

<li><a href="Torch%C3%A8re" title="Torchère">Torchère</a></li>

<li><a href="Track_lighting" title="Track lighting">Track lighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Troffer" title="Troffer">Troffer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bicycle_lighting" title="Bicycle lighting">Bicycle lighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Flashlight" title="Flashlight">Flashlight</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mechanically_powered_flashlight" title="Mechanically powered flashlight">Mechanically powered</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactical_light" title="Tactical light">Tactical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">Glow stick</a></li>

<li><a href="Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a>

<ul><li><a href="Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">outdoor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_pointer" title="Laser pointer">Laser pointer</a></li>

<li><a href="Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li>

<li><a href="Searchlight" title="Searchlight">Searchlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_lamp" title="Solar lamp">Solar lamp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li>

<li><a href="Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li>

<li><a href="High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li>

<li><a href="Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_lighting#Rear_position_lights_(tail_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Rear position lights</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_lighting#Reversing_(backup)_lights" title="Automotive lighting">Reversing lights</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_reflector" title="Safety reflector">Safety reflector</a>

<ul><li><a href="Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_lighting#Stop_lights_(brake_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Stop lights</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_lighting#Turn_signals" title="Automotive lighting">Turn signals</a>

<ul><li><a href="Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Display</li><li><a href="Holiday_lighting_technology" title="Holiday lighting technology">Decorative</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aroma_lamp" title="Aroma lamp">Aroma lamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Blacklight" title="Blacklight">Blacklight</a></li>

<li><a href="Bubble_light" title="Bubble light">Bubble light</a></li>

<li><a href="Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a></li>

<li><a href="Crackle_tube" title="Crackle tube">Crackle tube</a></li>

<li><a href="DJ_lighting" title="DJ lighting">DJ lighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroluminescent_wire" title="Electroluminescent wire">Electroluminescent wire</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquee_(structure)" title="Marquee (structure)">Marquee</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">Plasma globe</a></li>

<li><a href="Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">Strobe light</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Theatrical</a></li><li>Cinematic</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Floodlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Footlight" title="Footlight">Footlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Scoop_(theater)" title="Scoop (theater)">Scoop</a></li>

<li><a href="Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)" title="Spotlight (theatre lighting)">Spotlight</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">ellipsoidal reflector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stage_lighting_instrument" title="Stage lighting instrument">Stage lighting instrument</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Industrial</li><li>Scientific</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">Germicidal</a></li>

<li><a href="Grow_light" title="Grow light">Grow light</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_lamp" title="Infrared lamp">Infrared lamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">Stroboscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanning_lamp" title="Tanning lamp">Tanning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battlefield_illumination" title="Battlefield illumination">Battlefield illumination</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">Sources</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_reflected_light_sources" title="List of reflected light sources">Reflected</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronic_components254" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Electronic_components254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Electronic components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductor<br>devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS <br>transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li>

<li><a href="CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li>

<li><a href="Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li>

<li><a href="FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li>

<li><a href="Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li>

<li><a href="Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li>

<li><a href="ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li>

<li><a href="LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li>

<li><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li>

<li><a href="Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li>

<li><a href="Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li>

<li><a href="Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br>transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li>

<li><a href="Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET)

<ul><li><a href="JFET" title="JFET">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET)

<ul><li><a href="Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li>

<li><a href="Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li>

<li><a href="Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diode" title="Diode">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li>

<li><a href="Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li>

<li><a href="Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li>

<li><a href="OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li>

<li><a href="Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li>

<li><a href="PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br>devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li>

<li><a href="Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li>

<li><a href="Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li>

<li><a href="Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li>

<li><a href="Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li>

<li><a href="Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li>

<li><a href="Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li>

<li><a href="Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li>

<li><a href="Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li>

<li><a href="Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li>

<li><a href="TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li>

<li><a href="Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li>

<li><a href="Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li>

<li><a href="Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li>

<li><a href="Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li>

<li><a href="Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li>

<li><a href="Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li>

<li><a href="Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li>

<li><a href="Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li>

<li><a href="Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li>

<li><a href="Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li>

<li><a href="Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li>

<li><a href="Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li>

<li><a href="Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li>

<li><a href="Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li>

<li><a href="Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li>

<li><a href="Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li>

<li><a href="Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li>

<li><a href="Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li>

<li><a href="Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li>

<li><a href="Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li>

<li><a href="Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Connector

<ul><li><a href="Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li>

<li><a href="AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li>

<li><a href="Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li>

<li><a href="EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li>

<li><a href="Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li>

<li><a href="Parametron" title="Parametron">Parametron</a></li>

<li><a href="Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reed_relay" title="Reed relay">reed relay</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relay</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4807870-0">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Cold_cathode&oldid=1297205140">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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